Quora 网友评论：哪个国家在文化上与中国最接近？

源远流长，博大精深是中华文化的基本特征。中华文化之所以源远流长、博大精深，一个重要的原因在于它所特有的包容性，即求同存异和兼收并蓄。求同存异，就是能与其他民族的文化和睦相处；兼收并蓄，就是能在文化交流中吸收、借鉴其他民族文化的积极成分。

今天一起来看看美版知乎上的网友是如何看待中国文化，以及探讨哪个国家在文化上与中国最接近。

Most countries have Han Chinese, so in a sense, most countries are culturally close to China.

大多数国家都有汉人，所以从某种意义上说，大多数国家在文化上都与中国接近。

However, if what you mean is which nation is culturally closer to China, then that’s an easier answer. Nation is identified as “a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.” So in a sense, nation means groups of people with common cultures.

但是，如果您的意思是哪个国家在文化上更接近中国，那么答案就简单多了。 民族被定义为“居住在特定国家或地区的由共同血统、历史、文化或语言联合起来的一大群人”。 所以从某种意义上说，民族是指具有共同文化的人群。

So that will leave Han Chinese, Yamato Japanese, Koreans, and Kinh Vietnamese. Namely, Mainland China/Taiwan/foreign Chinese, Japan/foreign Japanese, North/South Korea/foreign Koreans, Vietnam/foreign Vietnamese. Unsurprisingly, they’re the only ones with Chinese-derived names in English: Chin(ese) 秦, Japan(ese) 日本, Korea(n) 高丽, Vietnam(ese) 越南. In short, they’re collectively called the Sinosphere, or nations within Chinese cultural sphere of influence.

所以这就有了汉族、大和日本人、韩国人和京越南人。 即中国大陆/台湾/外国人，日本/外国人日本人，朝鲜/韩国/外国人韩国人，越南/外国人越南人。自然而然，他们是唯一在英文中具有中文名称的人：Chin(ese) 秦、Japan(ese) 日本、Korea(n) 高丽、Vietnam(ese) 越南。 简而言之，它们被统称为中华圈，或中国文化影响范围内的国家。

Notice I don’t have Singapore in any of them, simply because Singapore is a highly Westernized country that aims to have blends of multiple cultures, so while Han Chinese is the largest population, that doesn’t mean Singapore is culturally Chinese. In fact, it’s a very big mixture between British, Chinese, Indian, and Malay cultures.

请注意，我在这里没有列出新加坡，是因为新加坡是一个高度西化的国家，旨在融合多种文化。虽然汉族人口最多，但这并不意味着新加坡在文化上是中国人。 事实上，它是英国、中国、印度和马来文化之间的一个非常大的混合体。

Also, I will be talking about traditional cultures, not modern culture, because in modern culture, everyone is culturally similar since globalization connects everyone. Majority of humans in this Earth now wears modern clothing, namely a shirt and pants/skirt. So everyone looks the same and culturally similar as well.

另外，我谈论的是传统文化，而不是现代文化，因为在现代文化中，每个人在文化上都是相似的，因为全球化将每个人联系在一起。 现在地球上的大多数人都穿着现代服装，即衬衫和裤子/裙子。 所以每个人看起来都一样，文化上也相似。

Language 语言

These 4 nations have a history of Chinese influence in their languages. They all have at least 50–60% Chinese-derived loanwords, usually for complex terms. The most common names for individuals in these nations are Chinese loanwords, and only Japanese have a lot of native Japanese names (but mostly still written in Kanji). An example for Chinese loanwords is the word for student (I will be using Cantonese and Mandarin for comparison, since Mandarin evolves very far from Middle Chinese of Tang dynasty, when majority of these loanwords were loaned to other countries).

Mandarin: 学生 xuéshēng

Cantonese: 學生 hok6 saang1

Korean: 學生 (학생) hagsaeng

Vietnamese: 學生 học sinh

Japanese: 学生 (がくせい) gakusei

Another example is the term “world.”

Mandarin: 世界 shìjiè

Cantonese: 世界 sai3 gaai3

Korean: 世界 (세계) segye

Vietnamese: 世界 thế giới

Japanese: 世界 (せかい) sekai

这四个国家的语言在历史上都受到中国的影响。 它们都有至少 50-60% 的中文外来词，通常用于复杂的术语。 这些国家中最常见的个人名字是借用中文词汇，只有日本人有很多日本本土名字（但大多仍用汉字书写）。 中文外来词的一个例子是学生一词（我将使用粤语和普通话进行比较，因为普通话与唐代中古汉语相距甚远，当时这些外来词大部分是借给其他国家的）。

All these 4 nations also used Chinese characters as their official writing systems (Chinese Hanzi, Vietnamese Han Tu, Korean Hanja, Japanese Kanji)

这 4 个国家统一使用汉字作为其官方书写系统（中国汉字、越南汉字、韩国汉字、日本汉字）

China (Hanzi)

中国（汉字）

中国汉字

Japan (Kanji + Kana)

日本汉字

日本汉字

Korea (Hanja + Hangeul)

韩国汉字

韩国汉字

Vietnam (Han Tu + Chu Nom)

越南汉字

Architecture 建筑

The Sinosphere’s architectural designs and elements are all derived from Chinese architecture. Japan borrowed from Tang China, Korea borrowed from Tang to Ming China, Vietnamese borrowed from Tang to Qing China. However, the most visible cultures are probably cultural borrowings from the last dynasties, so Japan would be Tang-influence, Korea would be Ming-influence, and Vietnam would be Ming-Qing influence.

汉文化圈国家的建筑设计风格与要素，是日本从唐朝，韩国朝鲜从唐朝到明朝，越南从唐朝到清朝的中国建筑中汲取的，都是源自于中国的影响。但其各自建筑中最显著的文化元素，大概还是其各自学习的最后一个王朝的特征最为显著，日本为唐朝，韩国为明朝，越南为明朝和清朝的影响最为深远。

[China (top left) - Japan (top right) - Korea (bottom left) - Vietnam (bottom right)]

[中国（左上）-日本（右上）-韩国（左下）-越南（右下）]

Traditional Architectures

传统建筑

传统建筑

Imperial Palace Gates

故宫大门

故宫大门

Temples in snow

雪天中的寺庙

雪天中的寺庙

Covered bridges

廊桥

廊桥

Traditional Gardens

传统花园

传统花园

Interlocked wooden brackets (Dougong)

互锁木托架（斗拱）

互锁木托架（斗拱）

Fashion 时尚

China was like the America of ancient East Asia. Everyone wanted to follow their fashion. Therefore, they all adopted Hanfu (漢服). However, as times passed, although the Chinese influence was still there, they all evolved into something distinct. Japan has Wafuku (和服), Korea has Hanbok (韓服), and Vietnam has Viet Phuc (越服). Each dynasty differed, however, but the final attires that are now used to represent each nation is distinct and is very beautiful.

中国就像古代东亚的美国一样。 每个人都想着紧跟中国的时尚。 因此，他们都采用了汉服。 然而，随着时间的推移中国的影响逐渐减弱，它们在这基础上演变出各自独特的风格。 日本有和服，韩国有韩服，越南有越服。 现在用来代表各个民族的最终装束各有特色。

Han dynasty Quju vs. Edo period Furisode

汉代曲居VS江户时代

汉代曲居VS江户时代

Ming dynasty Aoqun vs. Joseon dynasty Chima Jeogori

明朝奥群VS朝鲜朝千马Jeogori

明朝奥群VS朝鲜朝千马Jeogori

ROC period Qipao vs. French period Ao Dai (although Ao Dai was derived from Ming Aoqun, it bears resemblance to Qipao due to both nations being Westernized at around the same time, meaning similar sense of fashion) and Ming dynasty Aoqun vs. Nguyen dynasty Ao Nhat Binh

民国时期旗袍vs.法国时期的奥黛（奥黛虽然源于明奥群，但与旗袍相似，因为两个民族几乎同时被西化，有着相似的时尚感）和明朝奥群vs.阮朝 奥一平

奥黛

Just to give a comparison, here is historical illustrations of each nation’s fashion at the same time periods: (from top to bottom) Ming China, Le Vietnam, Joseon Korea, and Edo Japan (Edo Japan was the only one not influenced by Ming dynasty and retained Tang influence, so it looked quite distinct from the rest).

我们来做个对比，这里是每个国家在同一时期服饰的历史插图：（从上到下）明朝，越南，朝鲜和江户日本（江户日本是唯一不受明朝影响的国家，并保留了唐代的影响，因此看起来与其他人截然不同）。

江户日本

Belief 信仰

All the Sinospheric cultures have a history of the Three Teachings, or Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Buddhism is present in all 4 cultures and is deeply embedded in ancient and modern times. Taoism has faded, but its influence is present in every nation’s values and native religions, namely Chinese Taoism (duh), Japanese Shintoism, Korean Muism, and Vietnamese Dao Mau. Confucianism, while not a religion, is a cultural practice and teaching that is present in all 4 nations.

在所有的中华文化圈中的国家里，都存在着三教，也就是佛教，道教，儒教的历史。佛教在四个国家中都有存在，其深远的影响力贯穿了它们的古代及现代文明；道教虽然已较为式微，但所有的四个文明其价值观、以及原住民的宗教里都有道教的影子，比如中国的道教、日本的神道教、韩国的Muism（应该是一种思想，道教没有在韩国形成独立的宗教:译者注）与越南的越南道教。儒教虽然不是宗教，但已经潜移默化地融入了四国的传统文化与人们的日常习惯之中。

Confucius depictions in China (top left), Vietnam (top right), Japan (bottom left), and Korea (bottom right)

中国（左上）、越南（右上）、日本（左下）和韩国（右下）的孔子描绘

孔子

Buddhist depictions in China (top left), Korea (top right), Japan (bottom left), and Vietnam (bottom right)

中国（左上）、韩国（右上）、日本（左下）和越南（右下）的佛教描绘

佛教

Taoist temple in Japan

日本道教寺庙

日本道教寺庙

Taoist temple in Vietnam

越南道教寺庙

越南道教寺庙

Taoist symbol in South Korean flag

韩国国旗上的道教符号

韩国国旗上的道教符号

Those are the three main ones that I believe defines Sinospheric cultural bonds. However, if you want to see some more minor traditional elements, here they are.

这就是我认为定义中国圈文化纽带的三个主要因素。 但是，如果您想看到更多的传统元素，请参考下方。

Traditional arts were all influenced in some way by Chinese arts.

传统艺术在某种程度上都受到了中国艺术的影响。

中国艺术

Each nation has their own versions of mooncakes for the Mid-Autumn Festival that was a tradition for centuries.

每个国家都有各自版本的中秋节月饼，这是几个世纪以来的传统。

中秋节月饼

Speaking of mooncakes, each nation also celebrates the Mid-Autumn Festival for centuries.

说到月饼，几个世纪以来每个国家都庆祝中秋节。

中秋节

Speaking of Mid-Autumn Festival, each nation celebrated Lunar New Year for centuries (although Japan abolished it for a Western calendar, they still celebrate Lunar calendar holidays). Therefore, they all have the Chinese 12 Zodiacs, but with a few twists. Because they followed the calendar, they also had East Asian age reckoning, although that concept is slowly fading away.

说到中秋节，几个世纪以来每个国家都庆祝农历新年（虽然日本取消了中秋节为西历，但他们仍然庆祝农历假期）。 因此，它们都有中国的十二生肖，虽说有些不太一样。 因为他们遵循日历，他们也有东亚年龄推算，尽管这个概念正在慢慢消失。

生肖

And because each nation celebrates Lunar New Year or a derivation of it (*coughJapancough*), each nation has their own style of giving out money in Lunar New Year.

而且因为每个国家都庆祝农历新年（*coughJapancough*），每个国家都有自己的农历新年送钱方式。

农历新年

Each nation’s traditional calligraphy were all derived from Chinese calligraphy.

每个民族的传统书法都源于中国书法。

书法

Each nation also had their version of female entertainers that sold entertainment for a living (including selling your own bodies sometimes). They were Chinese Huakui (top left), Vietnamese Dao Nuong (top right), Japanese Geisha (bottom left), and Korean Gisaeng (bottom right).

每个国家也都有自己的女性艺人以卖娱乐为生（有时包括卖自己的身体）。 他们是中国花魁（左上）、越南道农（右上）、日本艺妓（左下）和韩国艺生（右下）。

艺妓

The Sinosphere also had centuries-long tradition of chopstick use, following Chinese customs.

按照中国的习俗，中华圈也有数百年的筷子使用传统。

筷子

They also had centuries-long tradition of tea cultures, all derived from China.

他们还拥有数百年的茶文化传统，均源自中国。

茶文化

Politically, they were all a form of monarchy (although they all had feudalistic governments at one point, especially Japan) that followed the Chinese model. The picture below illustrates the royal and imperial fashions of royal and imperial concubines and wives of Emperors and Kings of the last non-Westernized periods.

在政治上，它们都是遵循中国模式的君主制形式（尽管它们都曾有过封建政府，尤其是日本）。 下图展示了最后一个非西方化时期皇帝和国王的皇室和皇室妃嫔和妻子的皇室和皇室服饰。

传统服饰

Also, coincidentally, all 4 nations had a history of civil war between 3 divisions. The picture below illustrates the images of the victors, with 3 divisions’ names in black, and the victors’ names in white. These civil wars were called Three Kingdoms Period of China (top left), Tay Son Rebellion of Vietnam (top right), Three Kingdoms Period of Korea (bottom left), and Sengoku Period of Japan (bottom right).

此外，巧合的是，这4个国家都有3个集团之间的内战历史。 下图显示了胜利者的形象，黑色为 3 个集团的名称，白色为胜利者的名称。 这些内战被称为中国三国时期（左上）、越南西山叛乱（右上）、朝鲜三国时期（左下）和日本战国时期（右下）。

三国

There are more, like traditional styles of sitting (Japanese and Koreans sat on the floor like Chinese during Han to Tang dynasties, Vietnamese sat on raised platforms like Chinese in all dynasties, and while Chinese did all of those. they preferred tables and chairs in the late periods), Tang-style poetry, burning of incense, medicines, food preparation practices, usages of Four Symbols, Four Benevolent Animals, and Four Gentlemen in art, centuries-long lion dances derived from China, music and dance influences from China,

Chinese influences in traditional martial arts, how the last eras of all 4 nations were Neo-Confucians, how all 4 cultures had their versions of the Cinderella fairy tale, the 5 Elements, how the Four Beauties and Four Classic Novels of China influences ancient and modern Sinosphere cultures, weapon styles influenced by Chinese styles, wine variants, cuisines (specifically rice and certain noodles), traditional court operas, traditional masks, usages of mandarin squares for government officials in ancient times (for Japan, it was only in Ryukyu).

除此之外还有很多很多，比如传统的座姿（日本人和韩国人是像汉唐时期的中国人一样坐在地板上，越南人则是高台（炕），中国虽然曾经也流行过它，但是他们显然更喜欢椅子。）、唐诗、香火，医药、炊事、艺术、几世纪前从中国传来的舞狮，传统的戏剧（京剧），变脸，还有汉语作为官方语言在各国行政机构中的使用（日本只有琉球王国这样，而日语只用了汉字作为书写文字）等等等等。

Even in modern times, the Sinosphere continues to influence one another and the world. Anime influences the entire world, and now Chinese and Korean animation are Japanese-influenced. Manhwa, Manhua, and Manhoa are also influenced by Manga. Jdrama also influenced Kdrama and Cdrama, and Kdrama now influences Cdrama. Manga and anime continues to be cultural inspirations for Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese films. Hallyu influences pop music of Vietnam, China, and Japan (who originally influenced Kpop). Chinese influenced Korea and Vietnam through Cantonese films from Hongkong. Sadly, though, Vietnam hasn’t influenced anything yet ¯\_(ツ)_/¯.

就算到了现代，在中华文化圈之中的国家也在互相影响，并且也持续地对世界输出着文化影响力，如动画和漫画上日本对中韩越造成了深远的影响并持续提供了很多的创作灵感，韩流也助推了其他三国的流行音乐发展（Kpop），中国也通过港片影响了其他三国。同时遗憾的是，只有越南至今没有什么突出的文化贡献。

If anyone wants to see reconstructed traditional clothing of Vietnam, please visit my blog. Vietnam is the least-known culture within the Sinosphere, after all, so everyone automatically associates it with the rest of Southeast Asia and Indosphere, when it's not culturally related to any of them.

如果有人想看越南传统服装的重建，请访问我的博客。 毕竟，越南是中国圈内最不为人知的文化，所以当它与任何一个都没有文化关系时，每个人都会自然而然地将它与东南亚和印度圈的其他地区联系起来。

结语

笔者认为，若按历史看的话朝鲜半岛上受的中国文化影响最大,之后越南独立出去以后也受中国影响,不过这是后来了,日本是受朝鲜半岛的影响才被中国影响,一直到了唐代直接和中国交流,不过最近都开始去中国化,文字都被越南和韩国废除了,若说历史上影响最大还得是朝鲜半岛,历史上号称小中华。

欢迎大家理性讨论...